Shanghai IVEN Pharmatech Engineering Co., Ltd.
IVEN Pharmatech Engineering nisosiyete mpuzamahanga yubuhanga bwumwuga itanga ibisubizo byubuzima. Dutanga igisubizo cyubushakashatsi bwinganda zikora imiti ninganda zubuvuzi ku isi twubahiriza EU GMP / US FDA cGMP, OMS GMP, PIC / S GMP nibindi. Hamwe nuburambe bwimyaka myinshi mubikorwa bya farumasi nubuvuzi, twiyemeje gutanga umudozi ushimishije -yakoze ibisubizo kubakiriya bacu kwisi yose, ikubiyemo igishushanyo mbonera cyimishinga igezweho, ibikoresho byiza, gucunga neza imikorere, hamwe na serivisi yuzuye mubuzima bwose.
Abo turi bo？
IVEN yashinzwe mu 2005 kandi ihinga cyane mu buhanga mu bya farumasi n’ubuvuzi, twashizeho inganda enye zikora imashini zuzuza no gupakira imiti, uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi y’imiti, uburyo bwo gutanga ubwenge no gutanga ibikoresho. twatanze ibikoresho ibihumbi n’ibikoresho by’imiti n’ubuvuzi hamwe n’imishinga ya turnkey, dukorera abakiriya babarirwa mu magana baturutse mu bihugu birenga 50, dufasha abakiriya bacu kuzamura ubushobozi bwabo bwo gukora imiti n’ubuvuzi, gutsindira isoko n’izina ryiza ku isoko ryabo.
Ibyo dukora？
Dushingiye ku byo abakiriya bakeneye ku bihugu bitandukanye, duhitamo igisubizo cy’ubuhanga bwa farumasi yatewe inshinge, imiti ikomeye y’imiti, farumasi y’ibinyabuzima, uruganda rukoreshwa n’ubuvuzi, n’uruganda rwuzuye. Igisubizo cyacu cyubushakashatsi gikubiyemo icyumba gisukuye, ibikorwa byogukora isuku, sisitemu yo gutunganya amazi yimiti, sisitemu yo gutunganya umusaruro, gukoresha imiti yimiti, sisitemu yo gupakira, sisitemu yo gukoresha ibikoresho byubwenge, sisitemu yo kugenzura ubuziranenge, laboratoire nkuru nibindi. Ukurikije ibyifuzo byabakiriya byihariye, IVEN irashobora gutanga serivise yumwuga nkuko bikurikira:
* Kugisha inama umushinga
Igishushanyo mbonera cyumushinga
* Ibikoresho byo guhitamo ibikoresho no kubitunganya
* Gushiraho no gutangiza
* Kwemeza ibikoresho nibikorwa
* Kugenzura ubuziranenge
* Kohereza ikoranabuhanga mu bicuruzwa
* Inyandiko zikomeye kandi yoroshye
* Amahugurwa y'abakozi
* Nyuma yo kugurisha serivisi yubuzima bwose
* Kwishingira umusaruro
* Kuzamura serivisi nibindi.
Impamvu turi？
Shiraho agaciro kubakiriyani ubusobanuro bwo kubaho kwa Iven, nabwo buyobora ibikorwa kubanyamuryango bacu bose ba Iven. Isosiyete yacu imaze imyaka irenga 16 ikorera abakiriya mpuzamahanga, dushobora kumva neza ibyo abakiriya bacu mpuzamahanga basabwa kugiti cyabo, kandi buri gihe dutanga ibikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge n'umushinga kubakiriya ku giciro cyiza.
Inzobere zacu tekinike zifite uburambe bwimyaka myinshi mubikorwa bya farumasi nubuvuzi, bamenyereye ibyinshi mubisabwa na GMP mpuzamahanga, nka EU GMP / US FDA cGMP, OMS GMP, Ihame rya PIC / S GMP nibindi.
Itsinda ryacu ryubwubatsi rirakora cyane kandi rirakora neza, rifite uburambe bukomeye kubwoko butandukanye bwimishinga yimiti, twubaka umushinga wo murwego rwohejuru ntituzirikana gusa ibyo umukiriya asabwa gusa, ahubwo tunareba ejo hazaza h'umukiriya azigama amafaranga yo kuzigama no kubungabunga, ndetse no kwaguka kazoza.
Itsinda ryacu ryo kugurisha ryize neza rifite icyerekezo mpuzamahanga nubumenyi bujyanye nubuhanga mu bya farumasi, butanga abakiriya serivisi nziza kandi nziza kuva mbere yo kugurisha kugeza nyuma yo kugurisha bafite inshingano ninshingano.
Urubanza rwubuhanga
Ufite ibibazo bikurikira？
• Ibintu byingenzi byaranze icyifuzo cyo gushushanya ntabwo bigaragara, imiterere ntabwo yumvikana.
• Igishushanyo cyimbitse ntabwo gisanzwe, kubishyira mubikorwa biragoye.
• Iterambere rya gahunda yo gushushanya ntirishobora kugenzurwa, gahunda yo kubaka ntigira iherezo.
• Ubwiza bwibikoresho ntibushobora kumenyekana kugeza binaniwe gukora.
• Biragoye kugereranya ikiguzi kugeza ubuze amafaranga.
• Fata umwanya munini wo gusura abatanga isoko, kumenyekanisha icyifuzo cyo gushushanya no gucunga ubwubatsi, gereranya umwe umwe ukundi.
Iven itanga igisubizo cyubwubatsi ku ruganda rukora imiti nubuvuzi ku isi harimo icyumba gisukuye, sisitemu yo kugenzura no kugenzura ibinyabiziga, uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi y’imiti, uburyo bwo gutegura no gutanga ibisubizo, sisitemu yo kuzuza no gupakira, sisitemu y’ibikoresho byikora, sisitemu yo kugenzura ubuziranenge na laboratoire nkuru na Ibindi.
Uruganda rwacu
Imashini yimiti：
Ubushobozi bwacu bwa R&D bwimiti ya farumasi kubicuruzwa bya IV byakemuwe biri murwego ruyoboye rwose murwego rwimbere no murwego mpuzamahanga. Yasabye patenti zirenga 60 tekinike, irashobora gutanga ibyangombwa byose byemejwe kubicuruzwa byabakiriya nicyemezo cya GMP. Isosiyete yacu yagurishije amagana yorohereza umufuka wa IV igisubizo kugeza mu mpera za 2014, ihwanye na 50% byimigabane ku isoko; icupa ryikirahure IV igisubizo cyumurongo urenga 70% umugabane wamasoko mubushinwa. Icupa rya plastike ya IV igisubizo cyumurongo nacyo cyagurishijwe muri Aziya yo Hagati no mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya nibindi. Isosiyete yacu yubatse umubano mwiza wubucuruzi n’abashoramari barenga 300 IV mu Bushinwa, kandi bamenyekana neza muri Uzubekisitani, Pakisitani, Negeriya ndetse n’ibindi bihugu 30. Twahindutse ikirango cyabashinwa mugihe isi yose IV ikora ibisubizo bigura.Uruganda rwacu rukora imashini yimiti nimwe mubanyamuryango b’ishyirahamwe ry’ibikoresho bikoresha imiti y’imiti mu Bushinwa, Komite y’igihugu ishinzwe tekinike y’ibikoresho bya farumasi, hamwe n’uruganda rukora imashini zikoresha imiti mu Bushinwa. Turagenzura cyane ubuziranenge bwimashini, dushingiye kuri ISO9001: 2008, dukurikiza cGMP, Uburayi GMP, US FDA GMP na OMS GMP nibindi.
Twateje imbere ibikoresho kugirango twuzuze ibisabwa byabigenewe, nka Non-PVC Soft Bag / PP icupa / Icupa rya Glass icupa rya IV umurongo utanga igisubizo, ampoule / vial washing- kuzuza-gufunga umurongo, ibicuruzwa byo mu kanwa gukaraba-gukama - kuzuza- Umurongo wo kubyaza umusaruro, igisubizo cya dialyse yuzuza-gufunga umurongo wumusaruro, shitingi yuzuye yuzuza-gufunga umurongo nibindi.
Ibikoresho byo gutunganya amazi：
Nisosiyete ikorana buhanga buhanitse muri R&D no gukora RO ishami ryamazi meza, sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza amazi menshi mumazi yo gutera inshinge, imashini itanga amavuta meza, sisitemu yo gutegura igisubizo, ubwoko bwose bwamazi nububiko bwibisubizo, hamwe na sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza. .
Dutanga ibikoresho byiza byo gushushanya no gukora dukurikije GMP, USP, FDA GMP, EU GMP nibindi
Gupakira Imodoka hamwe nububiko bwa sisitemu & ibikoresho：
Nkumuyobozi ukora ibikorwa bya sisitemu yo kubika ibikoresho byikora kandi byikora, twibanze kubikoresho byo gupakira amamodoka hamwe nububiko bwa sisitemu yububiko R&D, gushushanya, gukora, ubwubatsi n'amahugurwa.
Guha abakiriya sisitemu yose yo kwishyira hamwe kuva muri Auto Packing kugeza mububiko bwa WMS & WCS hamwe na serivise nziza kandi nziza, nka mashini ipakira amakarito yimashini, imashini yuzuye ikarito yuzuye, Automatic logistics system na Automatic three-dimension ububiko bwububiko nibindi.
Hamwe nibisubizo bihendutse cyane, imishinga n'ibicuruzwa byacu bikoreshwa cyane mubuvuzi, ibiryo, inganda za elegitoronike n'inganda n'ibikoresho.
Vacuum Amaraso Yegeranya Tube Imashini：
Twibanze ku bikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, bikora neza, bifatika kandi bihamye byo gukusanya amaraso hamwe na sisitemu ikora. Twakoresheje tekinoroji yo gukusanya amaraso ya vacuum yateye imbere mu myaka 20 ishize, kandi twateje imbere ibisekuruza byinshi bya Vacuum Blood Collection Tube Production Line, byateje imbere inganda zikora amaraso ya vacuum ku rwego rwo hejuru ku isi.
Dushyira ingufu nyinshi mubicuruzwa byiza no guhanga udushya, twageze kuri patenti zirenga 20 kubikoresho byo gukusanya amaraso. Dutezimbere ibikoresho bya tekiniki ubudahwema kandi tuba umuyobozi nuwashizeho uruganda rukora amaraso yo mu Bushinwa.
Imishinga yo hanze
Kugeza ubu, tumaze gutanga ibikoresho byinshi bya farumasi nibikoresho byubuvuzi mubihugu birenga 40. Hagati aho, twafashije abakiriya bacu kubaka uruganda rukora imiti n’ubuvuzi hamwe n’imishinga ya turnkey muri Uzubekisitani, Tajigistan, Indoneziya, Tayilande, Arabiya Sawudite, Iraki, Nijeriya, Uganda n'ibindi. Iyi mishinga yose yatsindiye abakiriya bacu ndetse na guverinoma yabo itanga ibitekerezo byinshi.
Aziya yo hagati
Mu bihugu bitanu byo muri Aziya yo Hagati, ibicuruzwa byinshi bikoreshwa mu bya farumasi bitumizwa mu mahanga, tutibagiwe no gutera inshinge. Nyuma yimyaka myinshi yo gukora cyane, tumaze kubafasha kuva mubibazo umwe umwe. Muri Qazaqistan, twubatse uruganda runini rwa farumasi rwinjizwamo imiti irimo Soft Bag IV-Solution Production Line na bine Ampoules Injection Production.
Muri Uzubekisitani, twubatse uruganda rukora imiti ya PP Bottle IV-Solution, rushobora gutanga amacupa miliyoni 18 buri mwaka. Uruganda ntirubazanira inyungu nyinshi zubukungu ahubwo runaha abaturage baho inyungu zifatika zo kuvura imiti.
Afurika
Afurika ifite abaturage benshi, aho uruganda rukora imiti rukomeza kuba rudakomeye, rukeneye guhangayikishwa cyane. Kugeza ubu, turimo kubaka uruganda rworoheje rwa IV-Solution Pharmaceutical Uruganda muri Nijeriya, rushobora gutanga miliyoni 20 z'umufuka woroshye ku mwaka. Twakomeza kubaka inganda zimiti zo murwego rwohejuru zo muri Afrika, kandi twifuzaga ko abaturage baho muri Afrika bashobora kubona inyungu zifatika dukoresheje imiti yimiti itekanye ikorerwa murugo.
Uburasirazuba bwo hagati
Mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, uruganda rukora imiti ruri mu ntangiriro, ariko bagiye bavuga muri Amerika FDA bafite igitekerezo cyiza kandi cyiza cyane cyo kugenzura imiti y’imiti n’inganda zikora imiti. Umwe mu bakiriya bacu baturutse muri Arabiya Sawudite yaduhaye itegeko ryo kubakorera umushinga wose wa Soft Bag IV-Solution Turnkey umushinga wabo, ushobora kubyara miliyoni zirenga 22 z'imifuka yoroshye buri mwaka.
Mu bindi bihugu byo muri Aziya, uruganda rukora imiti rwashizeho urufatiro, ariko biracyaborohera kubaka uruganda rwiza rwa IV-Solution. Umwe mu bakiriya bacu bo muri Indoneziya na we, nyuma y’icyiciro cyo gutoranya, yaduhisemo, utunganya imbaraga zikomeye, kugira ngo twubake uruganda rukora imiti yo mu rwego rwo hejuru IV-Solution Pharmaceutical mu gihugu cyabo. Twarangije icyiciro cyabo cya 1 umushinga hamwe n'amacupa 8000 / isaha ikora neza. Kandi icyiciro cyabo 2 hamwe nuducupa 12000 / isaha, tuzatangira kwishyiriraho mumpera za 2018.
IKIPE YACU
• Nka kipe yabigize umwuga ifite uburambe bwimyaka irenga 10 hamwe nubutunzi bwegeranijwe munganda zimiti, igice kinini cyamasoko yibicuruzwa nibyiza, igiciro cyo guhatana, igiciro kinini kandi cyunguka.
• Hamwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura umwuga hamwe nubwishingizi bufite ireme, igishushanyo mbonera cyacu cyubatswe byubahirije ibipimo ngenderwaho bya sisitemu ya FAD, GMP, ISO9001 na 14000, Ibikoresho biraramba cyane kandi birashobora gukoresha imyaka irenga 15. (Ibicuruzwa bitagira umuyonga biboneka mumyaka irenga 20. )
• Itsinda ryacu ryashushanyije riyobowe ninzobere nyinshi mu buhanga mu bya farumasi zifite ubuhanga buhanitse bwa tekiniki, zifite ubuhanga bwo kwimbuka, gushimangira amakuru, Kwemeza byimazeyo ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’umushinga.
• Hamwe no kubara witonze, igenamigambi rishyize mu gaciro hamwe n’ibaruramari ry’ibiciro byihariye bya sisitemu, imicungire y’ibipimo no kunoza ibiciro byubwubatsi bwumurimo, bityo ibigo bikagira inyungu nziza.
• Hamwe nitsinda ryabakozi babigize umwuga bashyigikira kumurongo no kumurongo wa interineti mundimi nyinshi, nka: mucyongereza, icyesipanyoli, igifaransa, ect, bityo bigatuma serivisi nziza kandi nziza.
• Uburambe bwimyaka irenga 10 kumushinga wa turnkey murwego rwa Pharmaceutical hamwe nubuhanga bukomeye bwa tekiniki bwo kwishyiriraho no kubaka, imishinga yubahirije FDA, GMP n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’ubundi bugenzuzi.
BAMWE MU BAKURIKIRA
AKAZI KAZI KO IKIPE YACU YATANZE ABAKOZI BACU!
Icyemezo cya sosiyete
CE
FDA
FDA
ISO 9001
Kugaragaza Urubanza
Twohereje ibikoresho amagana mubihugu birenga 40, tunatanga imishinga irenga icumi yimiti yimiti nudushinga twinshi twubuvuzi. Hamwe nimbaraga nini igihe cyose, twungutse ibitekerezo byabakiriya bacu kandi twerekana izina ryiza kumasoko mpuzamahanga buhoro buhoro.
Kwiyemeza serivisi
I Mbere yo kugurisha Inkunga ya tekiniki
1. Gira uruhare mubikorwa byo gutegura umushinga kandi utange inama zerekana mugihe umuguzi atangiye gukora gahunda yumushinga no guhitamo ubwoko bwibikoresho.
2. Kohereza injeniyeri tekinike hamwe nabakozi bagurisha kugirango bakore itumanaho ryimbitse nibintu bya tekiniki byabaguzi kandi batange igisubizo cyambere cyo guhitamo ibikoresho.
3. Tanga ibishushanyo mbonera, amakuru ya tekiniki hamwe nuburyo bwibikoresho bifitanye isano nu muguzi kugirango ashushanye inyubako y uruganda.
4. Tanga urugero rwubuhanga bwikigo kugirango umuguzi yerekanwe mugihe cyo gutoranya no gushushanya. Icyarimwe utange ibintu bijyanye nurugero rwubuhanga rwo guhana tekinike.
5. Kugenzura umurima wibyakozwe nibikorwa byikigo. Tanga inyandiko zijyanye na sisitemu yo gucunga ibikoresho hamwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura ubuziranenge.
II Imicungire yimishinga mugurisha
1. Kubireba umushinga n'amasezerano yasinywe, isosiyete ikora imicungire yimishinga ikubiyemo inzira rusange kuva gusinya amasezerano kugeza kugenzura kwa nyuma no kwakira umushinga. Intambwe zifatizo nizi zikurikira: gusinya amasezerano, igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana igishushanyo mbonera, gutunganya no gutunganya, guterana kworoheje no gukemura, guterana kwanyuma, kugenzura ibicuruzwa, kohereza ibikoresho, gukemura ibibazo, kugenzura no kwemerwa.
2. Isosiyete izashyiraho injeniyeri ufite uburambe buke mu micungire yimishinga nkumuntu ubishinzwe, uzashinzwe inshingano zose zo gucunga imishinga no guhuza. Umuguzi agomba kwemeza ibikoresho byo gupakira hanyuma agasiga icyitegererezo. Umuguzi agomba kandi gutanga ibikoresho byo gutwara indege mugihe cyo guterana no gukemura kubitanga kubuntu.
3. Kugenzura mbere no kwakira ibikoresho birashobora gukorerwa mu ruganda rutanga ibicuruzwa cyangwa mu ruganda rwabaguzi. Niba cheque no kwemererwa bikorerwa mu ruganda rutanga isoko, umuguzi agomba kohereza abantu ku ruganda rutanga ibicuruzwa kugira ngo babisuzume kandi babyemere mu minsi 7 y'akazi nyuma yo kubona imenyekanisha ry'ibikoresho byarangiye kubitanga. Niba cheque no kwemerwa bikorerwa mu ruganda rwabaguzi, ibikoresho bigomba gupakururwa no kugenzurwa haribintu haba kubitanga ndetse nuwabiguze muminsi 2 yakazi nyuma yuko ibikoresho bigeze. Raporo yo kugenzura no kwakira nayo igomba kurangira.
4. Gahunda yo kwishyiriraho ibikoresho igenwa binyuze mubwumvikane bwimpande zombi. Abakozi bayo bakemura ibibazo bazayobora kwishyiriraho hakurikijwe amasezerano kandi bakore imyitozo yumurima kubakoresha bakoresha no kubungabunga.
5. Mugihe hashyizweho itangwa ryamazi, amashanyarazi, gaze nibikoresho byo gukuramo, umuguzi arashobora kumenyesha muburyo bwanditse uwatanze isoko kohereza abakozi kugirango bakemure ibikoresho. Amafaranga akoreshwa mumazi, amashanyarazi, gaze nibikoresho byo gukuramo agomba kwishyurwa nuwaguze.
6. Gukemura ibibazo bikorwa mu byiciro bibiri. Ibikoresho byashyizweho kandi imirongo ishyirwa mugice cya mbere. Mu cyiciro cya kabiri, gukemura no gutwara indege bikorwa hashingiwe ko icyuma gikonjesha cy’umukoresha gisukurwa kandi amazi, amashanyarazi, gaze n’ibikoresho byo gukuramo birahari.
7. Kubijyanye na cheque yanyuma no kwemerwa, ikizamini cya nyuma gikozwe hakurikijwe amasezerano nigitabo cyigisha ibikoresho imbere yabakozi babitanga ndetse numuguzi ubishinzwe. Raporo yanyuma yo kugenzura no kwemererwa yuzuzwa iyo ikizamini cyanyuma kirangiye.
III Inyandiko za tekiniki zatanzwe
I) Amakuru yujuje ibyangombwa byo kwishyiriraho (IQ)
1. Icyemezo cyiza, igitabo cyigisha, urutonde rwabapakira
2. Urutonde rwo kohereza, urutonde rwo kwambara ibice, kumenyesha gukemura
3
4. Igitabo gikora kubice byingenzi byaguzwe
II) Amakuru yujuje ibyangombwa (PQ)
1. Raporo yubugenzuzi bwuruganda kubintu byerekana imikorere
2. Icyemezo cyo kwemererwa kubikoresho
3. Icyemezo cyibikoresho bikomeye byimashini nkuru
4. Ibipimo bigezweho byibicuruzwa byemewe byibicuruzwa
III) Amakuru yujuje ibyangombwa byo gukora (OQ)
1. Uburyo bwo gupima ibikoresho bya tekiniki nibikoresho byerekana imikorere
2. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora, uburyo bwo koza bisanzwe
3. Uburyo bwo kubungabunga no gusana
4. Ibipimo byibikoresho bidahwitse
5. Inyandiko yubushobozi bwo kwishyiriraho
6. Impamyabumenyi yujuje ibyangombwa
7. Umupilote akora impamyabumenyi
IV) Kugenzura imikorere y'ibikoresho
1. Igenzura ryibanze ryimikorere (reba ingano yuzuye kandi isobanutse)
2. Reba ku guhuza imiterere no guhimba
3. Ikizamini gikora kubisabwa kugenzura byikora
4. Gutanga igisubizo gifasha ibikoresho byuzuye kugirango byuzuze igenzura rya GMP
IV Serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha
1. Gushiraho amadosiye yibikoresho byabakiriya, komeza urwego rudahwema gutanga ibicuruzwa, kandi utange inama kubijyanye no kuvugurura tekinike yumukiriya no kuyisimbuza.
2. Gushiraho sisitemu yo gukurikirana. Sura umukiriya buri gihe mugihe ibikoresho byo kwishyiriraho no gukemura birangiye kugaburira gukoresha amakuru mugihe kugirango umenye neza, imikorere ihamye kandi yizewe yibikoresho no gukuraho impungenge zabakiriya.
3. Tanga igisubizo mugihe cyamasaha 2 nyuma yo kwakira ibikoresho byabaguzi byamenyeshejwe cyangwa serivisi zisabwa. Tegura abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga urubuga mugihe cyamasaha 24, namasaha 48 mugihe gito.
4. Igihe cyubwishingizi bwiza: umwaka 1 nyuma yibikoresho byemewe. “Garanti eshatu” zakozwe mugihe cyubwishingizi bufite ireme zirimo: ingwate yo gusana (kumashini yuzuye), ingwate yo gusimburwa (kwambara ibice usibye ibyangijwe n'abantu), hamwe ningwate yo gusubizwa (kubice byubushake).
5. Gushiraho uburyo bwo kurega serivisi. Nintego yacu nyamukuru yo gukorera abakiriya bacu neza no kwemera kugenzurwa nabakiriya bacu. Tugomba kurangiza byimazeyo ikibazo abakozi bacu bashaka kwishura mugihe cyo gushyiramo ibikoresho, gukemura no gutanga serivisi.
V Gahunda y'Amahugurwa yo Gukora no Kubungabunga
1. Ihame rusange ryamahugurwa ni "ubwinshi, ubuziranenge, kwihuta no kugabanya ibiciro". Gahunda y'amahugurwa igomba gutanga umusaruro.
2. Amasomo: Amasomo ya Theoretical namasomo afatika. Amasomo yubumenyi yibanze cyane cyane kubijyanye nibikoresho bikoreshwa, imiterere, ibiranga imikorere, urwego rusaba, ingamba zo gukora, nibindi. ibikoresho no gusimbuza no guhindura ibice byagenwe.
3. Abarimu: Igishushanyo kinini cyibicuruzwa nabatekinisiye babimenyereye
4. Abahugurwa: Abakozi bakora, abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga abakozi bashinzwe gucunga abaguzi.
5. Uburyo bwo guhugura: Gahunda y'amahugurwa ikorerwa ahakorerwa ibikoresho bya sosiyete kunshuro yambere, kandi gahunda yo guhugura ikorerwa ahakorerwa umusaruro wumukoresha kunshuro ya kabiri.
6. Igihe cyamahugurwa: Ukurikije imiterere ifatika yibikoresho nabahugurwa
7.